Reflexión Final

Entrada final de Blog: Reflexión

Reflexión

Hoy concluimos Inglés Instrumental, materia sobre la cual cuando iniciamos, se crearon una serie de expectativas cuando la Teacher nos indicaba que debiamos utilizar el blog para nuestra Entrega de trabajos tareas....para ese momento sólo conociamos de su existencia

...Hoy despues de 6 semanas debo reconocer que el aprendizaje obtenido con todas las herramientas de apoyo (Blog digital, diccionario, tips y tecnicas) han sido de gran utilidad, estas nos pueden servir de gran ayuda en nuestro día a día,  para todos los textos en ingles que tengamos a la mano.

De igual forma, considero que el metodo aplicado es muy efectivo y que  las clases en el laboratorio son más productivas,  ya que que se pueden ir realizado las actividades teorico practica. Lo que si sería necesario mejorar, es la planificación y distribución de los salones y los laboratorios, para el aprovechamiento eficiente del tiempo.

Solo me queda agradecer a  la Teacher por abrir esa ventana a nuestro alrededor y a los compañeros de clase, que sin lugar a dudas poco a poco nos hemos ido integrando y conviertiendo en un gran Equipo de Trabajo.

Unidad 4

Patrones de Organización de un Párrafo

Competitiveness

Competitiveness is a comparative concept of the ability and performance of a firm, sub-sector or country to sell and supply goods and/or services in a given market. Although widely used in economics and business management, the usefulness of the concept, particularly in the context of national competitiveness, is vigorously disputed by economists, such as Paul Krugman.
The term may also be applied to markets, where it is used to refer to the extent to which the market structure may be regarded as perfectly competitive. This usage has nothing to do with the extent to which individual firms are "competitive'.

Firm competitiveness
Empirical observation confirms that resources (capital, labor, technology) and talent tend to concentrate geographically (Easterly and Levine 2002). This result reflects the fact that firms are embedded in inter-firm relationships with networks of suppliers, buyers and even competitors that help them to gain competitive advantages in the sale of its products and services. While arms-length market relationships do provide these benefits, at times there are externalities that arise from linkages among firms in a geographic area or in a specific industry (textiles, leather goods, silicon chips) that cannot be captured or fostered by markets alone. The process of “clusterization,” the creation of “value chains,” or “industrial districts” are models that highlight the advantages of networks.
Within capitalist economic systems, the drive of enterprises is to maintain and improve their own competitiveness, this practically pertains to business sectors.

A. Seleccione un texto relacionado con su área de experticia. Lea el texto y extraiga:

• Las definiciones  y los marcadores de definición.

1) Is a comparative concept of the ability and performance of a firm
2) is vigorously disputed by economists
3) is used to refer to the extent to which the market structure
4) are "competitive'
5) are embedded in inter-firm relationships with networks of suppliers
6) are externalities that arise from linkages among firms in a geographic area or in a specific industry
7) are models that highlight the advantages of networks.
8)  is to maintain and improve their own competitiveness
 

National Competitiveness

Global Competitiveness Index (2008-2009): competitiveness is an important determinant for the well-being of states in an international trade environment.In recent years, the concept of competitiveness has emerged as a new paradigm in economic development. Competitiveness captures the awareness of both the limitations and challenges posed by global competition, at a time when effective government action is constrained by budgetary constraints and the private sector faces significant barriers to competing in domestic and international markets.

The term is also used to refer in a broader sense to the economic competitiveness of countries, regions or cities. Recently, countries are increasingly looking at their competitiveness on global markets. Ireland (1997), Saudi Arabia (2000), Greece (2003), Croatia (2004), Bahrain (2005), the Philippines (2006), Guyana and the Dominican Republic are just some examples of countries that have advisory bodies or special government agencies that tackle competitiveness issues. Even regions or cities, such as Dubai or the Basque Country, are considering the establishment of such a body.

The institutional model applied in the case of National Competitiveness Programs (NCP) varies from country to country, however, there are some common features. The leadership structure of NCPs relies on strong support from the highest level of political authority. High-level support provides credibility with the appropriate actors in the private sector. Usually, the council or governing body will have a designated public sector leader (president, vice-president or minister) and a co-president drawn from the private sector. Notwithstanding the public sector’s role in strategy formulation, oversight, and implementation, national competitiveness programs should have strong, dynamic leadership from the private sector at all levels – national, local and firm

B. Seleccione otro texto relacionado con su área de experticia y extraiga las palabras de secuencia u ordenamiento del tiempo.

• Marcadores de Tiempo

1) (2008-2009)
2) recent years
3) 1997
4) 2000
5) 2003
6) 2004
7) 2005
8) 2006

• Idea general del párrafo:

La competitividad es determinante para el bienestar de los estados, se ha convertido en un nuevo paradigma en el desarrollo económico.

Taller Unidades 3 y 4

Unidad 3

Técnicas de lectura: predicción, scanning y skimming

VIRTUAL ORGANIZATION

Members of a virtual team may be from the same organization or from several different organizations working on a specific project. The project is the team bonder. We in Atlas have been doing this for ages, as you know we have 2 offices, one in Illinois, USA and the other in West Bengal, India. So when 2 offices work together, there are a lot of factors which comes into play.

We make sure that-

• The kickoff conference should have members from both part of the world. It brings in commitment and focus to both sides.
• The Project Manager has to be extra attentive when a global team is working on a project, so everybody is in the same loop.
• Time zones are the biggest factor and there are several articles that get written everyday on this. At Atlas we work around a schedule that works for all of us. Of course if the US office takes call at the middle of the night, so does the India office.
• 24 x 7 service delivery is possible when both teams work in sync , the India Team works while US team sleeps and vice versa.
• The language of communication has to be global and local phrases should be avoided to keep the communication clear.
• Clarification is always the best idea.
• Help comes in all forms like the Remote Desktop Connection, Teamviewer, Skype, Web cam are the tools that get used often to bridge the gap. Server build, RAID card installations can be simply executed through VOIP and a web cam.
• Technology is a big help, however too much of it can spoil relationships. So take the time to connect once in a while on a humane level. Call up your team on the other side of the world even if you cannot meet.
• Being aware of the culture of the team sure helps. Sending e-cards on Christmas or Holi can be fun and acts as a token of appreciation of each others culture.
• Nothing can come as close as co-locating for a project, however if virtual teams have to work on the same project sincere efforts can go a long way.

Observe la imagen y conteste las siguientes preguntas.

   1) De acuerdo al título y la imagen: ¿cuál cree usted que es el tópico que está a punto de leer?
       Acerca de la Organizaciones Virtuales
   2) ¿Cuál es la idea general del texto?
         Los Equipos virtuales pueden ser de una misma organización o de diferentes organizaciones  que se reunen para trabajar en un Proyecto especifico, están distribuidos geográficamente y comparten sus conocimientos a través de la Tecnologia.
   3) ¿Que palabras se repiten?
       Virtual, work, Team, Technology, project, organization
   4) ¿Que palabras se parecen al español?
       Virtual, Technology, project, organization, Connection
   5) ¿Cuales son las palabras en negrita, el titulo, subtitulo o gráficos que te ayudan a entender el texto?
        VIRTUAL ORGANIZATION
   6)  ¿De qué trata el texto? Lee el primer párrafo y el último o la ultimas ideas del último párrafo.
          Para las Organizaciones virtuales por estar tan dispersas geográficamentes su herramienta principal  la Tecnología  es una gran ayuda, sin embargo, no se deben descuidar las relaciones humanas.

Unidad 4 - Patrones de Organizacion de un Parrafo

Unidad 4 - Patrones de Organizacion de un Parrafo

 (Los Ejercicios de esta Unidad fueron realizados en Equipo Rosa Mendoza y Guido Di Francescantonio)

Ejercicio A (Marcadores de Definición)



Project Management

Project management is the discipline of planning, organizing, securing and managing resources to bring about the successful completion of specific project goals and objectives. It is sometimes conflated with program management, however technically that is actually a higher level construction: a group of related and somehow interdependent engineering projects.

A project is a temporary endeavor, having a defined beginning and end (usually constrained by date, but can be by funding or deliverables), undertaken to meet unique goals and objectives, usually to bring about beneficial change or added value. The temporary nature of projects stands in contrast to business as usual (or operations), which are repetitive, permanent or semi-permanent functional work to produce products or services. In practice, the management of these two systems is often found to be quite different, and as such requires the development of distinct technical skills and the adoption of separate management.

The primary challenge of project management is to achieve all of the project goals and objectives while honoring the preconceived project constraints.  Typical constraints are scope, time, and budget. The secondary—and more ambitious—challenge is to optimize the allocation and integration of inputs necessary to meet pre-defined objectives.

Idea General del Parrafo
   La gerencia de proyecto es la disciplina de planificar, organizar, y manejar los recursos para lograr los objetivos y metas especificas de un proyecto.
Marcadores de Definicion:  

  -   is the discipline of planning
   -   It is sometimes conflated with program management  

   -   is actually a higher level construction
   -   A project is a temporary endeavor
   -   as such requires the development
   -   is to achieve all of the project goals
   -   are scope, time, and budget  

   -   is to optimize the allocation

 Ejercicio B (Marcadores de Tiempo)

Project Management History

 Roman Soldiers Building a Fortress, Trajan's Column 113 ADProject management has been practiced since early civilization. Until 1900 civil engineering projects were generally managed by creative architects and engineers themselves, among those for example Vitruvius (1st century BC), Christopher Wren (1632–1723) , Thomas Telford (1757–1834) and Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806–1859). It was in the 1950s that organizations started to systematically apply project management tools and techniques to complex engineering projects.

Henry Gantt (1861-1919), the father of planning and control techniques.As a discipline, Project Management developed from several fields of application including civil construction, engineering, and heavy defense activity. Two forefathers of project management are Henry Gantt, called the father of planning and control techniques, who is famous for his use of the Gantt chart as a project management tool; and Henri Fayol for his creation of the 5 management functions which form the foundation of the body of knowledge associated with project and program management. Both Gantt and Fayol were students of Frederick Winslow Taylor's theories of scientific management. His work is the forerunner to modern project management tools including work breakdown structure (WBS) and resource allocation.

The 1950s marked the beginning of the modern Project Management era where core engineering fields come together working as one. Project management became recognized as a distinct discipline arising from the management discipline with engineering model. In the United States, prior to the 1950s, projects were managed on an ad hoc basis using mostly Gantt Charts, and informal techniques and tools. At that time, two mathematical project-scheduling models were developed. The "Critical Path Method" (CPM) was developed as a joint venture between DuPont Corporation and Remington Rand Corporation for managing plant maintenance projects. And the "Program Evaluation and Review Technique" or PERT, was developed by Booz Allen Hamilton as part of the United States Navy's (in conjunction with the Lockheed Corporation) Polaris missile submarine program; These mathematical techniques quickly spread into many private enterprises.

Idea General del Parrafo
   Los inicios de la gerencia de proyecto
Marcadores de Tiempo: 
 -      Until 1900
 -      Early
 -     In the 1950s
 -      Started
 -      1^st Century BC

 -      (1632-1723)
 -      (1757-1834)
 -      (1806-1859)

Unidad 3 - Aproximacion al texto - SCANNING

Steven Paul "Steve" Jobs, born on February 24, 1955 in San Francisco, California, U.S; is an American business magnate and inventor. He is the co-founder and chief executive officer of Apple Inc. Jobs also previously served as chief executive of Pixar Animation Studios; he became a member of the board of The Walt Disney Company in 2006, following the acquisition of Pixar by Disney. He was credited in the 1995 movie Toy Story as an executive producer.

In the late 1970s, Jobs, with Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak, Mike Markkula, and others, designed, developed, and marketed one of the first commercially successful lines of personal computers, the Apple II series. In the early 1980s, Jobs was among the first to see the commercial potential of the mouse-driven graphical user interface which led to the creation of the Macintosh.

Seleccione un texto  y escribe 4 preguntas puntuales sobre fechas, sitios, etc) (utiliza una biografía referente a algún autor de tu área de experticia))

1.- Cuando nacio Steve Jobs?
    Steve Jobs nacio el 24 de febrero de 1955

2.- En donde nacio Steve Jobs?
    Steve Jobs nacio en San Francisco, U.S

3.-  Cuando fue acreditado como productor ejecutivo?
    Steve Jobs fue acreditado como productor ejecutivo en 1995 en la película Toy Story

4.-  Cuando promociono las primeras computadoras personales?  
    Steve Jobs y otros compañeros desarrollaron las primeras computadoras personales a finales de los 1970

Unidad 3 - PREDICION, DEDUCCION, SKIMMING

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

Organizational structure refers to the way that an organization arranges people and jobs so that its work can be performed and its goals can be met. When a work group is very small and face-to-face communication is frequent, formal structure may be unnecessary, but in a larger organization decisions have to be made about the delegation of various tasks. So, procedures are established that assign responsibilities for various functions.

In an organization of any size or complexity, employees' responsibilities typically are defined by what they do, who they report to, and for managers, who reports to them. Over time these definitions are assigned to positions in the organization rather than to specific individuals. The best organizational structure for any organization depends on many factors including the work it does; its size in terms of employees, revenue, and the geographic dispersion of its facilities; and the range of its businesses (the degree to which it is diversified across markets).

Ejercicio

1.    Seleccione un texto que tenga una imagen.

2.    Observe la imagen y conteste las siguientes preguntas.

3.    De acuerdo al título y la imagen, ¿cuál cree usted que es el tópico que está a punto de leer?

Acerca de la estructura organizacional de una empresa

4.    Cuál es la idea general del texto?

La estructura organizacional de acuerdo a las características de la empresa

5.    ¿Que palabras se repiten?

Structure, organization, employees, responsabilities, work

6.    ¿Que palabras se parecen al español?

Group, frequent, organization, decisions

7.    ¿Cuales son las palabras en negrita, el titulo, subtitulo o gráficos que te ayudan a entender el texto?

El titulo: “Estructura Organizacional”

8.    ¿De qué trata el texto? Lee el primer párrafo y el último o la ultimas ideas del último párrafo. 

Trata sobre la estructura organizacional, que es la forma en que las empresas organizan al personal de acuerdo a las funciones que tienen que cumplir, y que la estructura organizacional de cada empresa va a depender de varios factores como la cantidad de personal, la distribución geográfica, entre otros.

Taller Unidades 1 y 2

Effective Organization Structure Acts As Life Blood of Business

An organization structure is the way in which the tasks and subtasks required to implement a strategy are arranged. The diagrammatical representation of structure could be an organization chart but a chart shows only the 'skeleton'. The 'flesh and blood' that brings to life an organization is the several mechanisms that support the structure. All these cannot be depicted on a chart. But a strategist has to grapple with the complexities of creating the structure, making it work, redesigning when required, and implementing changes that will keep the structure relevant to the needs of the strategies that have to be implemented. Successful strategy formulation does not guarantee successful strategy implementation. Varies among different types & sizes of organizations Organization Structure Organizational structure & the controls that are a part of it affect firm's performance. When the firm's strategy is not matched with the most appropriate structure & controls, performance declines. Specifies the firm's formal reporting relationships, procedures, controls & authority, and decision-making process. Influences how managers work & the decisions resulting from that work. Specifies the work to be done & how to do it given the firm's strategy or strategies. Provides the stability a firm needs to successfully implement its strategies & maintain it's competitive advantages.

Structural Stability: Provides the capacity the firm requires to consistently and Predictably manage its daily work routines. Structural Flexibility: Provides the opportunity to explore competitive possibilities & allocate resources to activities that will shape the competitive advantages of the firm that it will need to be successful in the future.

Structure & Strategy

o Structure dictates how objectives & policies will be established.

o Structure dictates how resources will be allocated.

Matching Structure w/ Strategy Changes in strategy = Changes in structure Basic Forms of Structure

Mainly categorized in five types:

1. Entrepreneurial Structure

2. Functional Structure

3. Divisional Structure

4. Strategic Business Unit Structure (SBU)

A. Categorias lexicales y uso del diccionario.

1. Selecciona un texto relacionado con tu area de interes. Identifica 3 palabras que no conoces.. agrega las abreviaciones.:

  a) Arranged (vt), arreglado

  b) Grapple(v) forcejear

  c) Complexities n(C), complejidad

2. Idea principal del texto (en español)
La  estructura de una organización es la forma en que se dividen, agrupan y coordinan las actividades para lograr los objetivos. Se requiere en la Organización los mecanismos que apoyen la estructura. Se hace necesario rediseñar e implementar los cambios requeridos en la estructura que apoyen a las necesidades de las estrategias que tienen que ser aplicadas. 

3. Categorias lexicales: (2 ejemplos por categoria)

• Palabras de contenido: Organization, Procedures
• Palabras de Función: But, in
• Verbos: Implemented, are
• Adverbio:  consistently , Predictably
• Adjetivo: diagrammatical, appropriate
• Artículo: An, The
• Preposiciones: Of, to
• Conjunción: But, that
• Cognados verdaderos: Structure, strategy
• cognados Falsos:
• Sufijo: Successfully, consistently
• Prefijos: Redesigning

B. Estructura de la oracion: (2 ejemplos)
1) An organization structure is the way in which the tasks and subtasks required to implement a strategy are arranged
Frase nominal
       An organization structure

1. Nucleo de la frase nominal:  structure
2. pre modificadores: An organization - post modificadores: no tiene

Frase verbal:
      is the way in which the tasks and subtasks required to implement a strategy are arranged

1. Nucleo de la frase verbal: is
2. Tiempo verbal: Presente simple

2) The diagrammatical representation of structure could be an organization chart but a chart shows only the 'skeleton'
Frase nominal
       The diagrammatical representation of structure
Nucleo de la frase nominal:  structure

1. pre modificadores: The diagrammatical representation of - post modificadores: no tiene
2. Frase verbal:

      could be an organization chart but a chart shows only the 'skeleton'

1. Nucleo de la frase verbal: could be
2. Tiempo verbal: Presente simple